Define bioecological model as an expansion of Bronfenbrenner's theory.

• A. Denies biology's role in development
• B. Emphasizes dynamic, reciprocal interactions between biology and environment across time
• C. Gene-environment transactions shaping development
• D. Ignores time and change

Answer: (B)

The main idea being tested is that the bioecological model treats development as the result of dynamic, reciprocal interactions between an individual's biology and their environment, unfolding over time. This expansion to Bronfenbrenner's theory adds the developing person’s biology into the picture and emphasizes time as a crucial dimension. Development occurs through proximal processes—repeated, bidirectional exchanges between a person and their surroundings—shaped by genetic and physiological factors as well as by environmental supports and constraints. Crucially, these influences flow both ways: biology affects how a person engages with the world, and experiences from the environment feed back to influence biological development, with changes accumulating across time and life stages. That focus on bidirectional, time-embedded interactions is why this option best captures the essence of the bioecological model.

Denying biology’s role, or ignoring time, or reducing the model to gene-environment transactions alone, misses key elements of the expansion that make development a dynamic process shaped by both biology and environment across time.